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IHRL aims to protect human rights on social, regional, and domestic levels.

Non-binding instruments, like declarations and guidelines, contribute to IHRL implementation and understanding.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) is a foundational document in IHRL.

The Human Rights Committee and the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights oversee treaty compliance and provide interpretations.

the 1951 Refugee Convention), children (the Convention on the Rights of the Child), and prisoners of war (the 1949 Third Geneva Convention).

These are generally known as human rights instruments.

During the 12th century, Henry II established a system of travelling judges, who decided on cases and enforced a set of laws common to all England.

== Definition and terminology == The term 'common law' has multiple distinct but related meanings.

Secondly, as such, term 'common law' later came to be synonymous with judge-made laws, as distinct from statutory law.

Nonetheless, some countries, such as South Africa and Scotland, have mixed jurisdictions that incorporate both common law and civil law elements.

International law establishes norms for states across various areas, such as war and diplomacy, economic relations, and human rights.

International law is shaped by custom and social practice, making it an evolving field.

International law aims to maintain peace, security, and cooperation among nations.

The lack of a final authority in international law can also cause far-reaching differences.

The relationship and interaction between a national legal system and international law is complex and variable.

National laws or constitutions may also provide for the implementation or integration of international legal obligations into domestic law.

Criminal law focuses on preventing and regulating harmful actions to individuals, society, and property.

Punishments for criminal offenses vary depending on the severity of the crime.

Rehabilitation programs may be included in sentencing to address the underlying causes of criminal behavior.

Criminal law applies to both national and international contexts, ensuring consistent enforcement of justice.

Criminal trials are conducted in courts, where evidence is presented and judged by judges or juries.

Criminal law is influenced by social, cultural, and historical factors, shaping its development over time.

When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this constitutes a due process violation, which offends the rule of law.

Due process developed from clause 39 of Magna Carta in England.

The modern concept of intellectual property was developed in England in the 17th and 18th centuries.

The intangible nature of intellectual property presents difficulties when compared with traditional property like land or goods.

Supporters of intellectual property laws often describe their main purpose as encouraging the creation of a wide variety of intellectual goods.

Constitutional law ensures the separation of powers among government branches.

It safeguards citizens' rights and protects against arbitrary government actions.

Understanding constitutional law is crucial for understanding the functioning of governments and the rights of their citizens.

Examples of significant cases in constitutional law include Marbury v. Madison and Brown v. Board of Education.

Constitutional law deals with the fundamental principles by which the government exercises its authority.

== Legal structure == Constitutional laws can be considered second order rule making or rules about making rules to exercise power.

The Mahabharata deals with the concepts of Dharma (used to mean law and duty interchangeably), Rajdharma (duty of the king) and Dharmaraja.

The phrase "rule of law" was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A.

== History == Although credit for popularizing the expression "the rule of law" in modern times is usually given to A.

This concept is sometimes stated simply as "no one is above the law" or "all are equal before the law".

"Formalists" add that the laws must be stable, accessible and clear.

More recently, "substantivists" expand the concept to include rights, such as human rights, and compliance with international law.