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In the Western musical tradition, the term polyphony is usually used to refer to music of the late Middle Ages and Renaissance.

Baroque forms such as fugue, which might be called polyphonic, are usually described instead as contrapuntal.

The term polyphony is also sometimes used more broadly, to describe any musical texture that is not monophonic.

Such a perspective considers homophony as a sub-type of polyphony.

== Antecedents == Polyphony in traditional music has a wide, if uneven, distribution among the peoples of the world.

There are two contradictory approaches to explaining the origins of vocal polyphony: the Cultural Model and the Evolutionary Model.

In the early 1980s, a commercial form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful, garnering significant radio airplay.

The use of the word in a musical context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune.

Its first documented use in a musical context in New Orleans was in a November 14, 1916, Times-Picayune article about "jas bands".

Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major form of musical expression in traditional and popular music.

Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, complex chords, call and response vocals, polyrhythms and improvisation.

As jazz spread around the world, it drew on national, regional, and local musical cultures, which gave rise to different styles.

In 2017, hip-hop became the bestselling genre of popular music in the United States and had also developed its own regional variations around the world.

This disco-inflected music was originally known as disco rap and later described as "old-school hip-hop".

Cultural interchange has always been central to the hip-hop genre: It simultaneously borrows from its social environment while commenting on it.

The hip-hop genre and culture emerged from block parties in the Bronx.

These breakbeats enabled the subsequent evolution of the hip-hop style.

In the mid-1980s, hip-hop began to diversify as electro music started to inform the genre's new school.

There are several conflicting definitions for world music.

== Lexicology == The term "world music" has been credited to ethnomusicologist Robert E.

To enhance the learning process (John Hill), he invited more than a dozen visiting performers from Africa and Asia and began a world music concert series.

The broad category of world music includes isolated forms of ethnic music from diverse geographical regions.

== Forms == Examples of popular forms of world music include the various forms of non-European classical music (e.g.

The term was popularized in the 1980s as a marketing category for non-Western traditional music.

A particular emphasis on harmony is one of the core concepts underlying the theory and practice of Western music.

Therefore, it is sometimes seen as a type of harmonic understanding, and sometimes distinguished from harmony.

Dissonance is an important part of harmony when it can be resolved and contribute to the composition of music as a whole.

In popular and jazz harmony, chords are named by their root plus various terms and characters indicating their qualities.

Although musical theatre is closely related to opera, the two are considered to be distinct from one another.

Opera is a key part of Western classical music, and Italian tradition in particular.

In traditional number opera, singers employ two styles of singing: recitative, a speech-inflected style, and self-contained arias.

In the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe (except France), attracting foreign composers such as George Frideric Handel.

The mid-to-late 19th century was a golden age of opera, led and dominated by Giuseppe Verdi in Italy and Richard Wagner in Germany.

During the 19th century, parallel operatic traditions emerged in central and eastern Europe, particularly in Russia and Bohemia.

In the early 1980s, a commercial form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful, garnering significant radio airplay.

The use of the word in a musical context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune.

Its first documented use in a musical context in New Orleans was in a November 14, 1916, Times-Picayune article about "jas bands".

Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major form of musical expression in traditional and popular music.

Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, complex chords, call and response vocals, polyrhythms and improvisation.

As jazz spread around the world, it drew on national, regional, and local musical cultures, which gave rise to different styles.

The process of interpreting musical notation is often referred to as reading music.

Distinct methods of notation have been invented throughout history by various cultures.

Much information about ancient music notation is fragmentary.

Even in the same time frames, different styles of music and different cultures use different music notation methods.

Notation developed further during the Renaissance and Baroque music eras.

A tablet from about 1250 BCE shows a more developed form of notation.